The Drexel Biospectroscopy Research Group

More about our Group

  1. •Principal Investigator

  2. •Graduate Students

  3. •Undergraduate Students

  4. •Research

  5. •List of Publications


Drexel University

Department of Chemistry

32nd and Chestnut Street

Philadelphia, PA 19104

 
 

Group events: Bridget Milorey celebrates her successful thesis defense.


 
Recent GROUP NEWS May 2021: A paper entitled “Concentration Dependence of a Hydrogel Phase Formed by the Deprotonation of the Imidazole Side Chain of Glycylhistidylglycine” coauthored by Morgan Hesser, Lavenia Thursch, Todd Lewis, Thamires Lima, Nicolas Alvarez and Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner has been accepted for publication In Langmuir May 2021: Emily Hughes, a current freshman chemistry major and future Maryanoff scholar has joined the Biospectroscopy group. May 2021: An invited Perspectives article entitled: “Short Peptides as Tunable, Switchable and Strong Gelators” coauthored by Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner and Nicolas Alvarez has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Physical Chemistry B. April 2021: An invited review article entitled: “The combined use of amide I bands in polarized Raman, IR, and vibrational dichroism spectra for the structure analysis of peptide fibrils and disordered peptides and proteins” coauthored by Reinhard has been accepted for publication in a special issue of the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. March 2021: Bridget Milorey passed her thesis defense and graduated with a PhD in Chemistry. She will join the group of Jean Baum at Rutgers as postdoc. January 2021: A paper entitled;” The impact of thermal history on the structure of Glycylalanylglycine in ethanol/water gels” coauthored by Lavenia Thursch, Thamires Lima, Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner and Nicolas Alvarez has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Peptide Science. January 2021: A paper entitled: “Short peptides as predictors for the structure of polyarginine sequences in disordered proteins” coauthored by Bridget Milorey, Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner, Brian Andrews, Harald Schwalbe and Brigita Urbanc has been accepted for publication in the Biophysical Journal. December 2020: A paper entitled: “Intrinsic Conformational Dynamics of Alanine in Water/Ethanol Mixtures: An Experimen-Driven Molecular Dynamics Study” co-authored by Shuting Zhang, Brian Andrews, Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner and Brigita Urbanc has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Physical Chemistry B. June 2020: A paper entitled: “Formation of peptide based oligomers in dimethyl sufoxide: Indentifying the precursor of fibril formation “ co-authored by Matthew Levine, Moumita Gosh, Morgan Hesser, Nathan Hennessy, David DiGuiseppi, Lihi Adler-Abramovitch and Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner has been accepted for publication in Soft Matter. June 2020: A paper entitled: “Glycine in Water Favors the pPII State” co-authored by Brian Andrews, Shuting Zhang and Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner has been accepted for publication in Biomolecules April 2020: Nichole O’Neill joined the glorious Biospectroscopy Group. She will become a member of the peptide gelation team. Welcome! April 2020: A paper entitled:”The Tripeptide GHG as an Unexpected Hydrogelator Triggered by Imidazole Deprotonation” coauthored by Morgan Hesser, David DiGuiseppi, Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner and our collaborators Lavenia Thursch, Todd Lewis and Nicolas Alvarez has been accepted for publication in Soft Matter. March 2020: A paper entitled: “Exploring the Gel Phase of Cationic Glycylalanylglycine in ethanol/water. II Spectroscopy, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies” by David DiGuiseppi, Lavenia Thursch, Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner and Nicolas Alvarez has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Interface and Colloid Science March 2020: The Biospectroscopy Group’s laboratory was shut down on March 18 due to covid 19. The group continues to function. March 2020: A paper entitled “Water Mediated Electronic Structure of Oligopeptides Probed by Their UV Circular Dichroism, Absorption Spectra and Time Dependent DFT Calculations” coauthored by Anshuman Kumar, Bryan Wong (both UC Riverside), Siobhan Toal (Rowan U.), David DiGuiseppi (alumni group member) and Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner has been accepted for publication in The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. January 2020 Chemistry major Anna Gorgano joins the Biospectroscopy Group. Bridget continues her NMR measurements in Frankfurt (Schwalbe Group, Goethe Universität) November 2019: A paper entitled “Evaluation of Different Force Field Water Model Combinations on GAG and AAA” coauthored by Shuting Zhang, Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner and Brigita Urbanc has been accepted to publication in the Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. September 2019: A paper entitled:”Exploring the gel phase of cationic glycylalanylglycine in water/ethanol: I. Rheology and microscopy studies” co-authored by Lavenia Thursch, David DiGuiseppi, Todd Lewis, Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner and Nicolas Alvarez has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciences. July 2019: David successfully defended his Ph.D thesis entitled: “Unexpected Gelators with Unforeseen Properties. A Spectroscopic Investigations of Alanine Based Self-Assembling Hydrogels.” A paper entitled: “Structural Destabilization of Azurin by Imidazolium Chloride Ionic Liquids in Aqueous Solution” by Arusha Acharyya, David DiGiuseppi, Brittany L. Stinger, Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner and Timothy D. Vaden has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Physical Chemistry B. David received the Taffer Award for graduate studies of the Department of Chemistry for his research. Morgan received the ACS Baccalaureate Award May 2019: Reinhard presented an invited talk about L-site binding of cytochrome c to cardiolipin containing liposomes at 7th CanBic in Parry Sound, Ca. April 2019: Reinhard gave seminars at SUNY Potsdam and Clarkson University in Potsdam, NY, about the groups work on unfolded peptides and cytochrome c. April 2019: A paper entitled:”A new interpretation of the structure and solvent dependence of the far UV circular dichroism spectrum of short oligopeptides” coauthored by Reinhard and his collaborators Anshuman Kumar and Bryan Wong has been accepted for publication in Chemical Communications. April 2019: Bridget moved to Frankfurt to conduct research on short peptides with collaborators in the group of Harald Schwalbe at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität in Frankfurt, Germany. March 2019: A paper entitled: “Exploring the thermal reversibility and tunability of a low molecular weight gelator using vibrational and electronic spectroscopy and rheology” coauthored by David, Reinhard and their collaborators Lavenia Thursch and Nicolas Alvarez from Chemical Engineering has been accepted for publication in Soft Matter. March 2019: The entire groip participated in the Annual Meeting of the American Biophysical Society. David, Morgan, Raghed, Bridget and Nathan presented posters, all at regular sessions. January 2019: Two papers have just been accepted for publication. The first one entitled: “pH Induced Switch Between Different modes of Cytochrome c Binding to Cardiolipin containing liposomes” coauthored by Bridget, Reinhard, Raghed and Dmitry has just appeared in ACS Omega. The second one entitled: “Orientation of Oligopeptides in Self-Assembled Monolayers Inferred from Infrared Reflexion Absorption Spectroscopy” coauthored by Reinhard and his collaborators Israel Pecht (Weizmann Institute) and Cunlan Guo (Wuhan University) will appear in Journal of Physical Chemistry B and is already available online November 2018: David gave an oral presentation about his work on GAG-gelation at the Material Research Society Conference in Boston, MA November 2018: A paper entitled “ Perturbation of water structure by polymer-water interactions probed by FTIR- and polarized Raman spectroscopy’ coauthored by Jessica, David, Vladimir Uversky, Boris Zavlavsky and Reinhard has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Molecular Liquids Prof. Timothy Vaden from Rowan University joins the group as visiting scientists for three months to conduct research on proteins in liquid crystals. Morgan Hesser, a fourth year BS(Chemistry)/MS student joined the Biospectroscopy Group. Nathan Hennessey, an exachange student from sheffield, UK, joined the group for the upcoming academic year. September 2018: A paper entitled “Photoreduction of ferricytochrome c in the presence of potassium ferrocyanide”coauthored by Dmitry and Reinhard has been accepted for publication in Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences August 2018: Raghed Kurbaj, a Maryanoff summer fellow, decided to continue his research activities in our group. July 2018: Reinhard gave a seminar entitled “Exploring the Diverse Structures and Functions of Cytochrome c Bound to Anionic Membranes” at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt, Germany July 2018: Reinhard is the CoPI on a just awarded NSF-grant over $554,614 that will finance the ongoing research on unfolded peptides. The PI on the grant is Brigita Urbanc from DU’s Department of Physics. The project is aimed at developing an experiment based force field for MD simulations. April 2018: A paper entitled: “ Is a cross-β -sheet structure of low molecular weight peptides necessary for the formation of fibrils and peptide hydrogels” coauthored by Niranjan Ilawe, Bryan Wong (both UC Riverside), David and Reinhard has been accepted for publication in Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys. as perspective article. The work has been supported by an NSF grant to Reinhard March 2018: Reinhard’s monster review article entitled “Relating the Multi-functionality of Cytochrome c to Membrane Binding and Structural Conversion” has been accepted for publication in Biophysical Reviews . February 2018: A major fraction of the Biospectroscopy Group (Bridget, Gabrielle, David, Dmitry and Reinhard) presented posters at the Annual Meeting of the American Biophysical Society in San Francisco. All poster attracted a lot of interest. January 2018: A paper entitled: “Anti-cooperative Nearest Neighbor Interactions between Residues Determine in Unfolded Peptides and Proteins” coauthored by Reinhard and Siobhan Toal (former group member) has been accepted for publication in the Biophysical Journal December 2017: Reinhard gave a seminar about the ‘Demise of the random coil model’ at the Institute for Physical Chemistry of the University of Bonn in Germany August 2017: Reinhard receives a 3 year NSF grant of $390,000 to support the group’s work on hydrogels. Profs. Alvarez (Chem. Engineering) and Urbanc (Physics) are CoPIs on the grant. August 2017: A paper entitled “Probing the Replacement of Water by Dimethyl Sulfoxide in the Hydration Shell of N-Methylacetamide by FTIR Spectroscopy” coauthored by Reinhard, Heather (former undergraduate student from the UK) and David has beeb accepted fur publication in Vibrational Spectroscopy. June 2017: Reinhard gave a seminar about low molecular weight peptide aggregation and gelation for the research group of Prof Ehud Gazit at the Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Tel Aviv University May 2017: Reinhard gave an invited talk about cytochrome c binding to liposomes at CanBic 2017 in Parry Sound, Ca. Bridget and Dmitry presented posters May 2017: A paper entitled “ the Conformation-Dependent Preferential Binding of Ethanol to Cationic Glycyl-alanylglycine in Water/Ethanol by Vibrational and NMR Spectroscopy” coauthored by David, Bridget, Gabrielle, Stefanie (alumni) as well as our collaborators Nina Kubertova and Harald Schwalbe has been accepted for publication in J. Phys. Chem. B. April 2017: Dmitry receives the ACS Scholastic Achievement Award for the highest GPA in our BS-program April 2017: A communication entitled: pH Dependence of Ferricytochrome c Conformational Transitions During Binding to Cardiolipin Membranes: Evidence for Histidine as the Distal Ligand at Neutral pH" coauthored by Bridget, Dmitry and Reinhard has been accepted for publication in the The J. Phys. Chem. Lett. November 2016: A paper entitled: “Ferrocyanide-mediated Photoreduction of Ferricytochrome c Utilized to Selectively Probe Non-native Conformations Induced by Binding to Cardiolipin Containing Liposomes” coauthored by Dmitry and Reinhard has been accepted for publication in Chem. Eur. J. September 2016: A paper entitled ”Investigating the Formation of a Repulsive Hydrogel of a Cationic 16mer Peptide at Low Ionic Strength in Water by Vibrational Spectroscopy and Rheology”co-authored by David, Jodi (undergraduate alumna), Siobhan (graduate alumna) and Nicolas Alvarez from Chemical Engineering has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Physical Chemistry B. August 2016: David presented a talk in a session of the Colloid Division of the American Chemical Society at the ACS meeting in Philadelphia. Dmitry and Bridget presented at the poster session of the Physical Chemistry Division. The group and alumni convened afterwards for dinner August 2016: A paper entitled “ The Construction and Comparison of the Statistical Coil states of Unfolded and Intrinsically Disordered Proteins from nearest-Neighbor Corrected Conformational Propensities of Short Peptides” co-authored by Siobhan (graduate alumna) and Reinhard has been accepted for publication in MolBioSyst. June 2016: A paper entitled: “The Interplay of Aggregation, Fibrillization and Gelation of an Unexpected Low Molecular Weight Gelator: Glycylalanylglycine in Ethanol/Water” co-authored by Stefanie, David, Reinhard and Nicolas Alvarez in Chem. Engineering has been accepted for publication in Soft Matter. Dmitry won the departmental Maryanoff Research Prize for juniors. Stefanie won the Hutchins research prize. They will both present at the department seminar on Thursday, May 26. David’s abstract for the ACS Meeting in Philadelphia (August 2016) has been selected for an oral presentation by the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry Bridget and Dmitry presented poster at the Annual Meeting of the American Biophysical Society in Los Angeles (March 7-11, 2016). As usual, undergraduates from our group present at regular poster sessions. They are supported by a Wiggins award. December 2015: The group had its traditional Christmas dinner with alumni at Pietro’s. We learnt that Leah got a job at Jasco. November 2015: Valeryia Pratasave, Gabrielle Lewis and Heather Carson joined the group as undergraduate researchers November 2015: David received the department’s Rosenbaum teaching award for his TA activities. He is the first group member who received this award. He defied expectations of his advisors who thought this to be impossible based on natural laws. September 2015: A paper entitled: “Water-Centered Interpretation of Intrinsic pPII Propensities of Amino Acid Residues: In Vitro-Driven Molecular Dynamics Study.” co-authored by Reinhard and Siobhan has been accepted for publication in JPC B. It is the result of a collaboration with the Urbanc group in Drexel’s Department of Physics. September 2015: Bridget’s and Stefanie’s paper entitled : ”Demixing of Water and Ethanol Causes Conformational Redistribution and Gelation of the Cationic GAG Tripeptide” has been accepted for publication in ChemComm. The paper is co-authored by Siobhan and Reinhard September 2015: Leah’s monster paper entitled: "Coexistence of Native-Like and Non-Native Cytochrome c on Anionic Liposomes With Different Cardiolipin Content" has been accepted for publication in JPC B. The paper is co-authored by Reinhard August 2015: A paper entitled: “Assessing Backbone Solvation Effects in the Conformational Propensities of Amino Acid Residues in Unfolded Peptides” produced in collaboration with Bryan Wong and Niranjan Ilawe from the University of Southern California, Riverside, which is coauthored by Reinhard and Siobhan, has been accepted for publication in PhysCheChemPhys. July 2105: Leah successfully defended her thesis and is on her way to obtain her PhD degree. May 2015: Leah won the departmental price for graduate research 2015, Lee won the Hutchins research prize and Bridget the Maryanoff research prize. All three delivered talks about their research at an departmental student research symposium. May 2015: Reinhard presented an invited talked entitled “Exploring Different Binding Sites of Cytochrome c to Cardiolipin Containing Anionic Liposomes Explorted by Fluorescence, Circular Dichroism and Resonance Raman Spectroscopy” at the Vth Georgian Bay International Conference on Bioinorganic Chemistry” March 2015: Leah presented a very well received invited talk about “Conformational Diversity of Cytochrome c on Cardiolipin Containing Liposomes Probed by Fluorescence and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy” at the spring meeting of American Chemical Society in Denver. February 2015: Leah, David, Stefanie, Jodi, Bridget, Dmitry and Reinhard participate in the annual meeting of the American Biophysical Society in Baltimore. Leah, Jodi, Bridget, Stefanie and Dmitry present posters, Reinhard gives a talk at an IDP session. The group meets Siobhan who presents a poster covering her last project at Drexel. December 2014: Siobhan’s monster paper entitled: ”Randomizing the Unfolded State of Peptides (and Proteins) by Nearest Neighbor Interactions between Unlike Residues.” has been accepted for publication in Chemistry-A European Journal. The paper was produced in collaboration with Prof. Schwalbe’s group at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt/Germany December 2014: Leah’s paper entitled: “Coexistence of Native-Like and Non-Native Partially Unfolded Ferricytochrome c on the Surface of Cardiolipin Containing Liposomes” has just been accepted for publication in the Journal of Physical Chemistry B. October 2014: Dmitry’s paper entitled: “Cardiolipin containing liposomes are fully ionized at physiological pH.  An FT-IR study of phosphate group ionization” has been accepted for publication in Vibrational Spectroscopy. Dmitry is a former Maryanoff summer student. September 2014: A theoretical paper entitled: “Entropy Reduction in Unfolded Peptides (and Proteins) due to Conformational Preferences of Amino Acid Residues” written by Reinhard and Siobhan has been accepted for publication in Physical ChemistryChemicalPhysics August 2014: Siobhan receives and accepts an offer to join the group of Elizabeth Rhoades at Yale as postdoc after her defense. July 2014: David DiGuiseppe joins the group as new graduate student June 2014: Siobhan’s invited monster review entitled: “Local Order in the Unfolded State: Conformational Biases, Nearest Neighbor Interactions, and the Thermodynamics Behind Solvent Mediation” has been accepted for a special issue of Biomoleucles June 2014: Jonathan’s paper on “Near-Exact Enthalpy-Entropy Compensation Governs the Thermal Unfolding of Protonation States of Oxidized Cytochrome c." has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry. June 2014: An invited review article written by Reinhard for the New Journal of Science is accepted. May 2014: Siobhan receives a “Highly Commended” reward from the Graduate Studies Office for her recent paper in JPC B. May 2014: Jodi Kraus wins the departmental Maryanoff Research Prize for Chemistry Juniors. The prize was awarded on the CoAS honors day on May 22 April 2014: Pradyuman Kodavatiganti joins the group for undergraduate research. He will be Maryanoff student in the summer April 2014: Siobhan wins the Chemistry Graduate Program research prize. She will present her work at the Chemistry Seminar on May 15, 4.30 p.m. A reception follows the award ceremony and talk. April 2014: Jodi wins the second prize in the category Physical Chemistry for her talk at the 78th Annual Intercollegiate Student Chemists Convention at Albright College April 2014: Bridget Malory has joint the group as Coop student. She will conduct research on solvent-peptide interactions. February 2014: Siobhan and Leah present at the Annual Meeting of the American Biophysical Society in San Francisco (2.15-1.19) January 2013; Siobhan’s paper on: “The role of the Enthalpy-Entropy Compensation Interactions in Determining the Conformational Propensities of Amino Acid Residues in Unfolded Peptides” has been accepted for publication in J. Phys. Chem. B. December 2013: Leah’s paper on “Salt as a Catalyst in the Mitochondria: Returning Cytochrome c to its Native State after it Misfolds on the Surface of Cardiolipin Containing Membranes” has been accepted for publication in Chem.Comm. September 2013: Jonathan defended his PhD thesis on: The partially folded, misfolded and unfolded states of cytochrome c probed by optical spectroscopy. September 2013: Jodi Kraus, Lee Serpas and Stefanie Farrel joined the group as undergraduate researchers July, 2013. Reinhard gave an invited talk at a Kavli Seminar about “Multiscale systems linking quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics and microfluid hydrodynamics at the Kavli Center of the British Royal Society in Chichester Hall, UK May, 2013 Reinhard gave an invited talk at the international CanBIC conference in Parry Sound, Canada; Leah presented a poster Siobhan received a ‘Highly Commended” in Drexel’s 2013 Research Award competition April 2013 Reinhard’s paper on the simulation of amide I band profile of disordered peptides got accepted for publication in JPC B. March, 2013 Reinhard gave an invited talk at PittCon 2013 February 2013 Ivona, Jonathan, Leah and Siobhan presented at the annual American Biophysical Socity meeting in Philadelphia February 2013 Alicia joins the group!

Book Spotlight

Schweitzer-Stenner, Reinhard ; Uversky, Vladimir

Peptide Folding, Misfolding, and Nonfolding

Wiley Series in Protein and Peptide Science


Edition - April 2012
2012. 576 Pages, Hardcover
ISBN-10: 0-470-59169-2
ISBN-13: 978-0-470-59169-7 - John Wiley & Sons


Order Here

Sample Chapter

Uversky, Vladimir N.; Dunker, A. Keith

Intrinsically Disordered Protein Analysis

Volume 1, Methods and Experimental Tools

Springer Series in Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 896


Edition - June 2012
2012. 470 Pages, Hardcover
ISBN-13: 978-1-61779-926-6 - Humana Press

Chapers 18 and 19 Contributed to the Series

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Egelman, E

Comprehensive Biophysics

1st Edition, Biophysical Techniques for Structural Characterization of Macromolecules

Elsevier

Edition - May 2012
2012. 3524 Pages, Hardcover
ISBN: 9780123749208 - Academic Press

Chaper 1.23 Contributed to the Series

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Spotlight on recent publications:


Bridget in front of a 800 Mhz NMR spectrometer in the Wasserwerk (Johann Wolfgang Goethe University), She uses a 600 Mhz instrument in the same building


Bridget on City Hall Square in Frankfurt am Main.


Short peptides as predictors for the structure of polyarginine sequences in disordered proteins

Bridget Milorey,1 Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner,1,* Brian Andrews,2 Harald Schwalbe,3 and Brigita Urbanc

Biophysical Journal, 120, 662-676, 2021

Intrinsically disordered proteins and intrinsically disordered regions are frequently enriched in charged aminoacids. Intrinsically disordered regions are regularly involved in important biological processes in which one or more charged residues is the driving force behind a protein-biomolecule interaction. Several lines of experimental and computational evidence suggest that polypeptides and proteins that carry high net charges have a high preference for extended conformations with average end-to-end distances exceeding expectations for self-avoiding random coils. Here, we show that charged arginine residues even in short glycine-capped model peptides (GRRG and GRRRG) significantly affect the conformational propensities of

each other when compared with the intrinsic propensities of a mostly unperturbed arginine in the tripeptide GRG. A conformational analysis based on experimentally determined J-coupling constants from heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy and amide I0 band profiles from vibrational spectroscopy reveals that nearest-neighbor interactions stabilize extended b-strand conformations at the expense of polyproline II and turn conformations. The results from molecular dynamics simulations with a CHARMM36m force field and TIP3P water reproduce our results only to a limited extent. The use of the Ramachandran distribution of the central residue of GRRRG in a calculation of end-to-end distances of polyarginines of different length yielded the expected power law behavior. The scaling coefficient of 0.66 suggests that such peptides would be more extended than predicted by a self-avoidingrandom walk. Our findings thus support in principle theoretical predictions.

Concentration Dependence of a Hydrogel Phase Formed by the Deprotonation of the Imidazole Side Chain of Glycylhistidylglycine

Morgan Hesser, Lavenia J. Thursch, Todd R. Lewis, Thamires A. Lima, Nicolas J. Alvarez,*and Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner Langmuir, 37, 6935-6946

ABSTRACT: Upon deprotonation of its imidazole group at ∼pH 6, the

unblocked tripeptide glycylhistidylglycine (GHG) self-assembles into very

long crystalline fibrils on a 10−1000 μm scale which are capable of forming

a volume spanning network, that is, hydrogel. The critical peptide

concentration for self-assembly at a pH of 6 lies between 50 and 60 mM.

The fraction of peptides that self-assemble into fibrils depends on the

concentration of deprotonated GHG. While IR spectra seem to indicate

the formation of fibrils with standard amyloid fibril β-sheet structures,

vibrational circular dichroism spectra show a strongly enhanced amide I′

signal, suggesting that the formed fibrils exhibit significant chirality. The

fibril chirality appears to be a function of peptide concentration. Rheological measurements reveal that the rate of gelation is concentration-dependent and that there is an optimum gel strength atintermediate peptide concentrations of ca. 175 mM. This paper outlines the unique properties of the GHG gel phase which is underlain by a surprisingly dense fibril network with an exceptionally strong modulus that make them potential additives for biomedical applications.