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Yosemite National Park |
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The following students have been selected for the class trip to Yosemite National Park. Further information will be provided regarding trip procedures. Check this web space for further updates. Congratulations to all!
Behm, Jocelyn Colford, Jerra J. Griffin, Megan Hayes, Tamon Hummel, Danielle Kircher, Patricia Kolzak, Roya Sabrina Loik, Elizabeth Makowski, Jan McCoy, Michelle Samala, Jeffrey Scully, Vannessa Sinibaldi, Dominic Slavinski, Bob Snook, Bill Stavrou, George Thynge, Megan Woudstra, Allison
Waiting List (in order)
Harakal, Charles
Dutton, Alli
Instructions to Students Selected for Trip:
In order to participate in this trip, you need to complete the following actions.
1. There will be a MANDATORY meeting for all students participating in the trip from 5:00 - 6:00 PM on Thursday, 5 April, 2001 in Nesbitt, Room 125. If you have a conflicting class or other obligations, please make arrangements to be about an hour late to them. We will try to get you out earlier, but we need to cover a great deal of material. We will endeavor to hold future meetings at a time that does not conflict with student classes. We need to get everyone together first, so we can process the forms and set up the next meeting time and date.
2. Prior to the 5 April meeting, contact your instructors for your other courses, and let them know that you have been selected for this trip. Accordingly, you will be missing class held between 12 and 19 May 2001. You must make arrangements to make up any class work you will miss during this period. In addition, if you have other responsibilities, such as tutoring, teaching or research assistantships, or work study obligations, you need to ensure that you have made appropriate arrangements to meet your responsibilities. In discussing this absence from class with your instructors, please let them know that this trip has been reviewed and approved by Mark Greenberg, Dean of Undergraduate Studies, Dr. Richard Astro, Provost, and Dr. George Tsetsekos, Vice Provost. If any of the instructors have questions regarding this trip, please have them email Dr. Brulle.
3. Pick up and review the Release of Liability Form. You can pick up this form in the SESEP office, on the 6th floor of Nesbitt. Bring the form to the meeting on 5 April. In addition, completely review the safety materials provided on the trip web site before the meeting. After a safety lecture is completed by Dr. Bien at the meeting on 5 April, we will collect the signed forms from all participants. If you have any questions on the liability form, please email the Drexel University lawyer, Laure Bachich at bachichl@EXCHANGE1.DREXEL.EDU
4. Bring a check for $100 made out to Drexel University to the meeting on 5 April. This money will be used to meet shared equipment expenses for the trip. This is a NONREFUNDABLE deposit on the trip. If you are subsequently unable to go to the trip, another student, currently on the waiting list, will go in your place. In order to change the name on the airline ticket will require payment of a $100 fee. So we will not be able to refund this amount if you are not able to go on the trip.
5. Come to the meeting prepared to fill out a form on your medical history, including items on any allergies, medications you are taking, etc. This information will be kept confidential, but is considered necessary for the trip leadership to have available to them in case of an emergency.
6 Review the Campsite Equipment List on the web page, and bring a list of the items that you currently own or have access to, and would be willing to share with others on the class trip. We need to fully equip four campsites, and what we do not have already in our possession, we will have to purchase. We especially need to get a good inventory of tents available for the trip.
7. Start thinking about who you would prefer to have as your tent partner and at your campsite. We will finalize the list at the second trip meeting. There will be no coeducational tents.
8. If you do not fully committed and able to going on the trip, please let Dr. Brulle know immediately so your spot can be released to one of the students on the waiting list.
Please email Dr. Brulle at brullerj@drexel.edu if you have any questions.
In conjunction with the Great Works Course, Yosemite National Park (UNIV 380) offered in the spring quarter of 2001, sixteen best qualified students will be able to visit the park for one week. This trip is scheduled for May 12-19, 2001. This trip will be led by Dr. Robert Brulle and Dr. Walt Bien, both professors in the School of Environmental Science, Engineering and Policy at Drexel University.
This trip provides a unique opportunity for Drexel undergraduate students to visit a large and intact wild ecosystem. Many students at Drexel have grown up in an entirely urban environment. They have never seen a fully functioning natural ecosystem, an ancient forest or a large variety of wildlife. This course aims to expose Drexel students to the full range of experiences in Yosemite National Park. A series of activities have been planned to allow the students to visit many of the different natural areas, and historical sites in the park. In addition, ample time is left for the students to engage in research on their course paper, and to hike in Yosemite Valley. This experience of Yosemite can be a real life changing event, and hopefully one of the students most memorable college experiences. In order to participate in this trip, all students must:
1. Meet the eligibility requirements
2. Be selected to participate based on the selection criteria listed below
3. Agree to adhere to all of the specific requirements, including the standards of conduct
4. Participate in all additional trip preparation activities
5. Have sufficient funding to meet the requirements of the trip. The only costs students will be required to pay are food and shared equipment costs. This is estimated at approximately $250 - $300. Scholarships covering all travel and camping expenses will be awarded to all of the students selected for the trip.
These scholarships have been made available by a generous grant from the Drexel University President's Office, Dr. Constantine Papadakis, University President, and Dr. George P. Tsetesekos, Vice Provost & Vice President for Academic Affairs, as well as supporting grants from Dr. Mark Greenberg Director of the Honors Program and Great Works Course Program.
This web site has been designed to provide the necessary information regarding the policies, procedures, and requirements for this trip. If you have additional questions, please direct them to Dr. Robert Brulle at brullerj@drexel.edu.
Trip Schedule
The trip schedule is as follows. More detail will be provided as arrangements are finalized.
Saturday, May 12, 2001
Depart Philadelphia and travel to Yosemite National Park on the following itinerary:
Students arrive at Philadelphia International Airport 10:30 AM. Students are responsible for their travel to the airport.
Departure Flights:
United Airlines Flight 27 Depart Philadelphia International Airport at 11:40 AM, arriving Los Angeles International Airport at 2:35 PM.
United Airlines Flight 5060 Depart Los Angeles International Airport 4:15 PM, arrive at Fresno Airport at 5:24 PM.
Drive from Fresno California to Yosemite National Park - 105 miles, arriving approximately 8:30 PM.
Set up camp.
Dinner - provided by instructors.
Sunday, May 13, 2001
Free Time, Grocery Shopping
Monday, May 14, 2001
Meeting with Park Superintendent, Student Project Research
Tuesday, May 15, 2001
Student Project Research
Wednesday, May 16, 2001
Hetch Hetchy Trip, Dinner at the Iron Door Saloon.
Thursday, May 17, 2001
Student Project Research
Friday, May 18, 2001
Mariposa Grove of Big Trees Trip
Saturday, May 19, 2001
Depart Yosemite National Park and travel to Philadelphia on the following itinerary:
Take down campsite, pack up & checkout. Campsite checkout required by 10:00 AM.
Depart Yosemite National Park, drive to Fresno California, arriving approximately 5:00 PM.
Return Flights:
United Airlines Flight 5073 Depart Fresno California at 6:39 PM, arriving at Los Angeles International Airport at 7:50 PM.
United Airlines Flight 28 Depart Los Angeles International Airport at 10:10 PM, arriving Philadelphia International Airport at 6:12 AM, Sunday, 20 May, 2001
Students are responsible for their travel from the airport to their residence.
Eligibility
Participation in the trip is limited to 16 students due to logistical and safety concerns. The transportation and direction of students in a wilderness environment is not something that can be done in large groups. In order to be considered for the trip, each student must:
1. Be a full time undergraduate student at Drexel University.
2. Enrolled in UNIV 380 Yosemite National Park for credit.
3. Complete an application.
4. Demonstrate ability to cover remaining trip expenses, including food and equipment costs. This is estimated as $100 in shared equipment costs, and approximately $150 - $200 for food.
Selection Criteria
In the event that there are more applications to participate in the trip than there are spaces, the following criteria will be applied by the instructors to develop a final list of participants. Students not selected will be placed on a waiting list to participate in the event of cancellations. The decision of the instructors will be final.
Interest in the Natural Environment. - Students with a demonstrated personal and/or academic interest in the natural environment will have a preference to participate in the trip. Each student is required to write a 200-250 word essay which details their interest in the natural environment, and how this trip would contribute to their overall development. This essay will form the basis for judging each student's interest in the natural environment.
Academic Performance - Each student's overall academic achievement level will be ranked based on cumulative grade point average. Students whose performance is higher than others will have a preference over students who achieve at a lower level.
Class Status - Students who will have future opportunities for this type of experience will have a lower precedence than those who will not have this opportunity. Hence seniors have a higher precedence than juniors, etc.
Flight Information
Departure Flights - From Philadelphia PA to Fresno CA
United Airlines Flight 27 Depart Philadelphia International Airport at 11:40 AM, arriving Los Angeles International Airport at 2:35 PM.
United Airlines Flight 5060 Depart Los Angeles International Airport 4:15 PM, arrive at Fresno Airport at 5:24 PM.
Return Flights - From Fresno CA to Philadelphia PA
United Airlines Flight 5073 Depart Fresno California at 6:39 PM, arriving at Los Angeles International Airport at 7:50 PM.
United Airlines Flight 28 Depart Los Angeles International Airport at 10:10 PM, arriving Philadelphia International Airport at 6:12 AM, Sunday, 20 May, 2001
Camp Sites
The students and faculty will be staying in the Upper Pines Campsite. This campsite is located in Yosemite Valley, at the very end of the road. It is below Half Dome and Glacier Point. The specific campsites that are reserved are on the far eastern loop of the campgrounds. The details of this area are shown to the right. Reservations have been made at campsites 205, 212, 221, and 223. Each site can accommodate up to six campers in two tents. Assignments to campsites will be made on the basis of individual preferences and tent availability. One person will be designated as the campsite chair. They will be responsible for coordinating the activities at that site, and resolving any items dealing with activities or conditions at the site.
This is a basic campsite area. The bathrooms are located in the magenta square. There are no showers available here. The nearest showers are available at Curry Village for the cost of $2.00. There is a general store at Curry Village where basic food and camping items can be purchased.
Students attending this event should familiarize themselves with the following sites:
Ten Steps on Being a Totally Obnoxious Camper
How to Stay Clean in the Outdoors
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Each Campsite will be occupied by 2 3-person tents. The following equipment will be available at each campsite. These items will be compiled from the participants in the trip. In addition, each camper will be responsible for providing their own food arrangements. Food items can be purchased at Curry Village. In addition, for those who do not want to cook at the campsite, there are a number of food facilities, ranging from cafeterias, fast food counters, and restaurants available in Curry Village. A bus runs between the campsite and Currey Village approximately every 15 minutes during the daytime.
Basic Camping
Equipment _ Tents - Groundsheets for
tents - Shovel - Large Tarp - Rope - 2 Fresh Water
Jugs - Fire Starter - Waterproof
Matches - Clothes Line - First Aid Kit - Small broom and dust pan
Cooking
Gear - Camp stove - Fuel for stove - Cookware, including a pot
and frying pan Cooking Gear
(cont.) - Can opener - Corkscrew/bottle
opener - Metal skewers for hot-dogs
or marshmallows - Cooler - Aluminum foil - Measuring Cup - Cooking utensils, including
large spoon, kitchen knife, tongs, and
spatula - Ziploc bags - Small cutting
board - Pot holder - Paper towels Cooking Gear (cont.) - Spatula - Trash bags - Low phosphate dish washing
detergent - Pot scrubber or steel
wool - Dish cloth - Dish towel Food -
All fresh, prepared or canned food - Drinks, including coffee,
tea, hot chocolate - Condiments, including salt,
pepper, spices, sugar, mustard, ketchup, cooking
oil & olive oil
Each person participating in the trip will bring the items listed below for their personal use. Some useful guides for equipment are:
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Bedding - Sleeping Bag - Sleeping Pad - Pillow Clothes - T-shirts - Shorts - Jeans/pants - Socks - Shoes - Hiking Shoes - Flip Flops - Sweatshirts - Waterproof Insulated Coat - Rain Gear/Poncho - Underwear |
Personal Equipment - Emergency Information Card - Medical Insurance Information - Mess kit, with silverware and cup - Flashlight with extra batteries/bulbs - Pen and Paper - Day pack or Fanny Pack - Water Bottle - Pocket Knife - Insect Repellent - Sun Screen - Sack for Dirty Clothing - Toothbrush and Toothpaste - Unscented Deodorant - Unscented Soap - Comb/Brush - Wash Rag Towels - Spare Contact Lenses or Glasses - Medications - Small First Aid Kit |
Personal Equipment (cont.) -- Handy Wipes - Toilet Tissue - Sewing kit - Candles/candle lantern - Whistle - Lip balm - Games/cards - Lighter Optional Items - Hiking Poles - Bear Spray - Bear Bells - Camera and Film - Phone Card - Wet Suit - Long Underwear - Sweatpants - Sunglasses |
Optional Items (cont.) - Lantern - Weather Radio - Hat - Swimsuit - Compass - GPS Receiver - Duct tape - Waterproof matches - Nylon cord or rope - Razor - Unscented shaving cream - Dental Floss - Bandana - Space Blanket - Nail clipper - Natural History Guide |
Safety Considerations
Every year, millions of people safely visit Yosemite National Park. One key to a safe trip is adequate preparation and knowledge of of potential risks in this environment. This section details the most common potential safety risks, and how each student should prepare to deal with them. By following these procedures, each student can maximize their potential for a safe and enjoyable visit to the park.
Each student should familiarize themselves with each of these topics
Medical Care and Emergency Information
Medical Care/Emergency Information
Dr. Walter Bien has an extensive background in camping and wilderness experiences throughout the United States and has taught university level courses on the natural history of the Yellowstone, Glacier, and Olympic National Parks. Dr. Bien is currently certified in basic First-aid (American Red Cross and National Safety Council) and CPR (American Heart Association).
Immediate Emergency Care near Yosemite National Park:
A. The Yosemite Medical Clinic located on Ahwahnee Drive in Yosemite Valley provides 24 hour emergency, paramedic, and ambulance service. Drop in and urgent care are provided daily from 8:00 AM to 9:00 PM. Telephone 209/372-4637.
B. The Olive Avenue Urgent Care Center is, a short distance from Yosemite National Park, provides 7 day a week emergency medical care. The medical center is located at 3090 M Street, Merced, CA 95348 (www.yosemite.com/http/business/mer0019.htm). Telephone 209/383-3990.
Personal Medical Insurance and Information
All individuals attending the "Yosemite Wilderness Experience" are required to have medical insurance coverage. Each student should check with their own medical insurance provider for questions on out-of-state coverage. Each individual will develop an Emergency Information Card. This card will include emergency contact information, medical insurance information, including policy number, and appropriate medical information, including any current medications being taken, medical conditions, etc. One copy of the card will be provided to the instructors for the course. Individuals will also carry one copy of the card with them at all times while on the trip.
Hiking Safety
There will be many opportunities for students to go on day hikes in Yosemite. Each student should be familiar with the following web sites:
How to React if You Become Lost
The following rules should be followed by all students going on hikes during the trip.
Let the instructors know your itinerary and instruct them to contact Park Service emergency personnel if you are overdue.
Always hike with a map and know what your route is before you set out.
Stay on the trail!!! In addition to causing severe erosion and damage to fragile habitat, hiking off trail increases the potential for injury or becoming lost.
When hiking with a group, keep track of each other and wait at all trail junctions.
Always carry extra food and water, rain gear, and warm clothing in case you have to spend the night out unexpectedly.
If you become ill or injured on the trail and are unable to hike, send someone in your party or a passing hiker for help. Write down and give the messenger your exact location, age, gender, height, weight, and a description of your illness/injury in order to ensure the appropriate emergency response.
If you become disoriented or lost, attempt to fix your location using a map, compass, and visible landmarks. If you are unable to locate the trail, stay put! Use a mirror or reflective object to signal for help. Any signal done three times in a series is a universal distress call.
Weather
Sudden changes in weather catch many unaware. Drenching thunderstorms can form in a matter of hours, and snow can fall at any time during the year. Be prepared for all weather conditions. Afternoon thunderstorms are a frequent and spectacular occurrence in the Yosemite wilderness. These summer storms often bring intense rain, hail, and lightning strikes, particularly in mid to late afternoon. Plan to be over passes and away from high open areas by noon. During a storm, stay away from peaks (particularly Half Dome), ridges, caves, water, and open areas. Seek shelter in low forested areas, but avoid tall, solitary trees. By setting up camp in a safe location before lightning begins, you can enjoy the power and spectacle of a mountain thunderstorm without apprehension. Check out this web site to get an understanding of weather Weather Basics
High water
During early spring and summer, run-off from melting snow can cause high water levels and swift currents in rivers and streams. Please remember that any unbridged stream crossing may be hazardous. Cross in a wide shallow spot that is not above rapids or falls. Unbuckle waist straps, use a long stick for stability and face upstream while crossing. Don’t tie yourself in to "safety ropes" - they can drown you. Water will be extremely cold. Caution should be used to prevent conditions which may lead to hypothermia.
Insects and Pathogens
Tick borne diseases
There are two known diseases carried by ticks in this area: Lyme disease and Relapsing fever (borelliosis). Not all ticks carry these diseases. If you are bitten by a tick, and later experience flu-like symptoms, contact your doctor and mention you had a tick bite. If you are diagnosed as having Lyme disease or Relapsing Fever, and you believe you got it in Yosemite, have your doctor contact the park sanitarian at (209) 372-0206.
Giardia Lamblia
Giardiasis is an intestinal disease caused by Giardia lamblia, a water-borne protozoan. Giardia is carried by humans and some domestic and wild animals that may contaminate lakes and streams. All water or melted snow must be treated by boiling for at least 5 minutes, using an iodine-based purifier, or using a Giardia-rated water filter. Associated symptoms include chronic diarrhea, abdominal cramps, bloating, fatigue, and loss of weight. Treatment by a physician is necessary to kill the organisms. This disease can be completely avoided by only drinking from the sanitary water system in Yosemite National Park.
Poisonous Plants
There are several plants that can cause rashes and skin irritation. Students should learn to recognize these plants and avoid contact with them. For a list of California poisonous plants see the following web site: California Poisonous Plants Information. Some of the most common poisonous plants are Western Poison Oak, Stinging Nettles, and Poisonous Mushrooms.
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Western poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobium) Poison oak is found in shady places and can be found growing from sea level to an elevation of 5000 feet. The plant has alternate leaves with three or five veined, shiny leaflets. Exposure to the sap may cause mild to severe skin irritation. For symptoms, prevention, and immediate care of poison oak contact see Poison Oak Safety.
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Stinging nettles (Urtica dioica) is a native plant common to meadows of the Yosemite Valley area. Upon contact with the skin, the stiff bristles of the plant cause an intense itching of short duration. The best way to avoid stinging nettles is to stay on established hiking paths and wear long pants and a long sleeved shirt.
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Photographs by Brother Alfred Brousseau, St. Mary's College |
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Poisonous Mushrooms: There are poisonous mushrooms in the Sierra Nevada that should not be handled or ingested. The Amanitas and Galerina species, are deadly if ingested. Symptoms range from 6 hours of vomiting to lethal liver or kidney failure. A good rule of thumb is if you don't know what it is don't touch or eat it. At right is an example of one of several Aminita species that are extremely poisonous. Some Aminitas are characterized with a bulbous base,warts on the cap, and ringed stalk. For further information,see California Poisonous Plants. |
Photograph by Dr. Walter F. Bien, Drexel University |
Outdoor Exposure Illness
Dehydration is the lack of adequate body fluids for the body to carry on normal functions at an optimal level (by loss, inadequate intake, or a combination of both). Dehydration is always easier to prevent than it is to treat. So it is important to replace regular fluid losses by drinking adequate amounts of water. Your body absorbs fluids best when you drink frequently and in small amounts rather than drinking large amounts at one time.
Don't depend on feeling thirsty to tell you when to drink. Thirst is a late response of the body to fluid depletion. Once you feel thirsty, you are already low on fluids. The best indicator of proper fluid levels is urine output and color. You, and all the people in your group should strive to be "copious and clear." Ample urine that is light colored to clear shows that the body has plenty of fluid. Dark urine means that the body is low on water, and is trying to conserve its supply by hoarding fluid which means that urine becomes more concentrated (thereby darker).
Basic Fluid Recommendations
Season/Weather Quarts/day
Fall & Spring Backpacking 2-3 quarts
Hot Weather Backpacking 3-4 quarts
Overexposure in a Hot Environment
Heat illnesses are the result of elevated body temperatures due to an inability to dissipate the body's heat and/or a decreased fluid level. Always remember that mild heat illnesses have the potential of becoming severe life threatening emergencies if not treated properly.
Heat Cramps: Heat cramps are a form of muscle cramp brought on by exertion and insufficient salt. This can be prevented by taking salt pills, drinking lots of water, and using retrain in physical exertion. If cramps occur, the best treatment is to rest, drink fluid, and stretch the muscle.
Heat Fainting: Heat Fainting is a mild form of heat illness which results from physical exertion in a hot environment. In an effort to increase heat loss, the skin blood vessels dilate to such an extent that blood flow to the brain is reduced, resulting in symptoms of faintness, dizziness, headache, increased pulse rate, restlessness, nausea, vomiting, and possibly even a brief loss of consciousness. Inadequate fluid replacement which leads to dehydration contributes significantly to this problem. If this occurs, the person should lie or sit down, preferably in the shade or in a cool environment. Elevate the feet and give fluids, particularly those containing salt. The patient should not engage in vigorous activity for at least the rest of that day.
Heat Exhaustion: This occurs when fluid losses from sweating and respiration are greater than internal fluid reserves (volume depletion). The lack of fluid causes the body to constrict blood vessels especially in the periphery (arms and legs). The signs and symptoms of Heat Exhaustion are sweating, pale and clammy skin, increased respiration, a slight temperature, and feelings of weakness dizziness, and thirst. If this occurs, the person should lie down in the shade, slowly drink a water/salt solution, and rest.
Heat Stroke - Hyperthermia: Heat Stroke is a life threatening medical emergencies. A victim can die within minutes if not properly treated. Heat Stroke is caused by an increase in the body's core temperature. Core temperatures over 105° (41° C) can lead to death. The rate of onset of Heat Stroke depends on the individual's fluid status.
Signs & Symptoms of Heat Stroke: The key to identifying Heat Stroke is hot skin. Some victims may have hot, dry skin, others may have hot, wet skin because they have just moved from Heat Exhaustion to Heat Stroke. The pulse and respiratory rates are increased, the skin becomes pale, and the person's temperature may exceed 105° F. At this stage, there can be severe changes in mental status and motor/sensory changes, then the person may become comatose, possibility of seizures.
Efforts to reduce body temperature and get the person to medical treatment must begin immediately! Move the person to a cooler spot or shade the victim. Remove clothing. Pour water on the extremities and fan the person to increase air circulation and evaporation, or cover the extremities with cool wet cloths and fan the patient. Immersion in cool (not cold) water is also useful. During cooling the extremities should be massaged vigorously to help propel the cooled blood back into the core. After the temperature has been reduce to 102° F (39° C), active cooling should be reduced to avoid hypothermia. The patient must be monitored closely to make sure that temperature does not begin to go up again. Get professional medical help immediately.
Overexposure in a Cold Environment
Hypothermia: Prolonged overexposure in a cold environment can bring on hypothermia, which is a decrease in the core body temperature to a level at which normal muscular and cerebral functions are impaired. Hypothermia can be caused by cold temperatures, wearing improper clothing, wetness, fatigue, dehydration, or poor food intake. It does not need to be below freezing for hypothermia to be a problem. These conditions exist at 40° F and moderate wind and rain, or as high as 60° F in high rain and wind conditions.
Signs and Symptoms of Hypothermia: changes in motor coordination and levels of consciousness, shivering that is not under voluntary control, irrational and/or erratic behavior. Prolonged hypothermia can bring about severe medical conditions and death if not treated immediately.
The basic principles in treatment is to rewarm the victim. Treatment includes reducing heat loss by adding additional layers of dry clothing, increasing physical activity, standing next to fire or other external heat source, body to body contact and getting person into shelter. Hypothermia is a potentially life threatening condition. They should be moved to treatment as quickly as possible.
Altitude Sickness is caused by the decreased atmospheric pressure and concentration of oxygen in the air as altitude increases. At 12,000 feet there are roughly 40% fewer oxygen molecules per breath. In order to properly oxygenate the body, your breathing rate has to increase. This extra ventilation increases the oxygen content in the blood, but not to sea level concentrations. Since the amount of oxygen required for activity is the same, the body must adjust to having less oxygen. The major cause of altitude illnesses is going too high too fast. Given time, your body can adapt to the decrease in oxygen molecules at a specific altitude. This process is known as acclimatization and generally takes 1-3 days at that altitude.
Altitude Sickness Symptoms: Symptoms usually start 12-24 hours after arrival at altitude and begin to decrease in severity about the third day. The symptoms of mild altitude sickness are headache, dizziness, fatigue, shortness of breath, loss of appetite, nausea, disturbed sleep, and a general feeling of malaise. Symptoms tend to be worse at night and when respiratory drive is decreased. Mild AMS does not interfere with normal activity and symptoms generally subside within 2-4 days as the body acclimatizes. As long as symptoms are mild, and only a nuisance, ascent can continue at a moderate rate. Symptoms can increase to a include a severe headache that is not relieved by medication, nausea and vomiting, increasing weakness and fatigue, shortness of breath, fluid in lungs, and decreased coordination. Appearance of any of these symptoms indicates an immediate descent, and possible emergency medical treatment if the symptoms do not abate after descent.
Prevention of Altitude Sickness: Below are a few basic guidelines for proper acclimatization. If possible, don't fly or drive to high altitude. Start below 10,000 feet and walk up. If you do fly or drive, do not overexert yourself or move higher for the first 24 hours. If you go above 10,000 feet, only increase your altitude by 1,000 feet per day and for every 3,000 feet of elevation gained, take a rest day. If you begin to show symptoms of moderate altitude illness, don't go higher until symptoms decrease. If symptoms increase, go down, down, down! Keep in mind that different people will acclimatize at different rates. Make sure all of your party is properly acclimatized before going higher. Stay properly hydrated. Acclimatization is often accompanied by fluid loss, so you need to drink lots of fluids to remain properly hydrated (at least 3-4 quarts per day). Urine output should be copious and clear. Take it easy; don't overexert yourself when you first get up to altitude. Light activity during the day is better than sleeping because respiration decreases during sleep, exacerbating the symptoms. Avoid tobacco and alcohol and other depressant drugs including, barbiturates, tranquilizers, and sleeping pills. These depressants further decrease the respiratory drive during sleep resulting in a worsening of the symptoms. Eat a high carbohydrate diet (more than 70% of your calories from carbohydrates) while at altitude. The acclimatization process is inhibited by dehydration, overexertion, and alcohol and other depressant drugs.
Wildlife Safety
The National Park Service maintains a web site containing a great deal of good information regarding wildlife safety in Yosemite. It is: http://www.nps.gov/yose/wilderness/bsafety.htm
Black Bears
Yosemite National Park is black bear territory. The Grizzly Bear is extinct throughout California. The experience of seeing a bear is a rare encounter with a wild animal. With proper precautions, this is a exciting and memorable event. The key to safety in Yosemite is proper food storage and handling techniques.
Each year black bears are killed in Yosemite National Park as a direct result of human carelessness and improper food storage. Driven by their own powerful sense of smell, black bears are drawn by odors to human food. Once bears get this food, they continue to seek it out-from backpacks, picnic tables, ice chests and even visitors' cars. Their natural fear of people fades and they may often become aggressive. Each year hears cause thousands of dollars in property damage in their search for human food and garbage. When bears become too aggressive and destructive, they often have to be killed. The only way to stop this devastating cycle is to make sure that all food items are stored properly.
Each year there are many thousands of encounters between black bears and people, often unknown to the people because the bears slip away so quietly. During the 20th century, a total of 23 people have been killed throughout North America by black bears. In comparison, a person is about 180 times more likely to be killed by a bee than by a black bear and 160,000 times more likely to die in a traffic accident. Menstrual odors have been shown to be attractive to bears, but there is no record of a black bear attacking a menstruating woman.
The arrival of a black bear in camp requires caution but is not cause for great alarm. Most are timid enough to be scared away by yelling, waving, and banging pans. But a few are too accustomed to people to be bothered. Many people have lost their food and vacation by being timid. Campers experienced with black bears simply chase them away before the bears settle in to eating a week's supply of vacation food. They make sure the bear has a clear escape route and then yell, wave, and rush to no nearer than 15 feet of the bear. This is especially effective when several people do it together. If alone, a person might create the illusion of numbers by throwing sticks through the underbrush. Don't feed the bears or try to pet them. Touching a wild bear can elicit a nip or cuff.
People are often more timid at night, but bears retreat at night as well as by day. Capsaicin spray repellent, sold as bear spray, usually persuades black bears to leave when it is sprayed into their eyes. The repellent irritates the eyes for several minutes but causes no injury.
The following web sites offer further information about bear precautions, and ongoing activities in Yosemite National Park to ensure safety for both visitors and the bears.
http://www.nps.gov/yose/wilderness/bears.htm
http://www.bear.org/species/blackbear/index.htm
http://www.nps.gov/seki/bearinfo.htm
Mountain Lions
Mountain lion sightings and encounters have increased throughout Yosemite over the past several years. The lions are an important part of the park ecosystem, helping to keep deer and other prey populations in check. Although lion attacks are rare, they are possible, as is injury from any wild animal. Generally, mountain lions are calm, quiet, and elusive. The chance of being attacked by a mountain lion is quite low compared to may other natural hazards. There is, for example, a far greater risk of being struck by lightning than being attacked by a mountain lion. The National Park Service offers the following recommendations to increase your safety:
Avoid walking alone.
Stay in a group on the trail. Do not run ahead or lag behind on the trail.
Store food according to park regulations
In the event you meet a mountain lion:
Never approach a mountain lion, especially one that is feeding or with kittens.
Most mountain lions will try to avoid confrontation. Always give them a way to escape.
Don't run. Stay calm. Hold your ground, or back away slowly. Face the lion and stand upright.
Do all you can to appear larger. Grab a stick. Raise your arms.
If the lion behaves aggressively, wave your arms, shout and throw objects at it.
The goal is to convince it that you are not prey and may be dangerous yourself. If attacked, fight back!
The following web site provides additional information about Mountain Lions
http://www.desertusa.com/may96/du_mlion.html
Standards of Conduct
Expected conduct of all participants
All of the participants in the trip are expected to adhere to appropriate standards of conduct. Each individual should strive to assist the other participants on the trip, and to be considerate of their needs. Accordingly, it is expected that all participants will display a cooperative and helpful behavior. In addition, there are activities that are required so that everyone can have a safe and enjoyable experience. These include compliance to all safety requirements noted on this web page, and applicable National Park Service regulations.
Campfires/Firewood
Only one campfires is permitted per campsite. They must be of reasonable size, and are permitted only in established fire rings.
Campfires are permitted only between 5:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m. from 01 May through 15 Oct.
Firewood collection is prohibited in Yosemite Valley. This includes "dead and down" wood.
Cutting standing trees or attached limbs, alive or dead, is prohibited, as is the use of chain saws.
Campsite Behavior
Each campsite can be occupied by a maximum of six people.
Quiet hours are from 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 am. No radios or loud noise is permitted during this time period.
Dishwater and sewage must be disposed of in designated utility drains.
Food Storage and Bear Precautions
Keep a clean camp. Put trash in bear-proof cans and dumpsters regularly.
Wash dishes immediately and dispose of water in drain at bathroom area. Do not throw the water near your campsite.
Store all food and food-related supplies in metal storage boxes where provided; clips must be used to secure bear boxes.
Bears recognize ice chests and cans, so store them the same as food.
Store grocery bags, garbage, and scented articles such as soap, sunscreen, hairspray, and toothpaste.
Seal food in air-tight containers to minimize smells.
No food or scented items should be taken into tents under any circumstances.
When storage boxes are not available, put all food and related supplies (especially ice chests), out of sight in your vehicle trunk.
In vehicles without trunks, all food, ice chests and related supplies must be stored out of sight. Cover them completely with a tarp or blanket to hide them from view. Close windows tightly.
Never leave food unattended in a picnic area or campsite, and always dispose of all garbage properly.
Always store all food and related supplies properly, including ice chests.
Store food day and night.
Trip Preparation Activities
Planning Your Trip
To get the most out of your "Yosemite Wilderness Experience" careful planning for your trip is essential for a safe and enjoyable camping trip. In general, campers usually take more than they will need for a 1 week camping trip; however, the Coast Guard motto semper paratus (always ready) is very appropriate. A good book for beginning campers, Camping for Dummies (IDG Books Worldwide, 2000), by Michael Hodgson, provides some useful camping information. A few other good web sites to check out are as follows:
How to Protect Yosemite and Yourself
In order to properly prepare for the trip, there will be three pre-trip meetings. Attendance at these meetings is mandatory for all trip participants.
Initial Organization and Safety Matters - April 5, 2001 5-6 PM
- Review of Travel Arrangements/Reservations
- Wilderness Safety Lecture (Dr. Bien)
- Liability Release Form Signature
- Payment of Shared Equipment Fee $100 (Dr. Brulle)
- Current Equipment Inventory (Dr. Reina)
- Assignment of Campsites
Equipment and Food Considerations - April 26, 2001 5-6 PM
- Group Equipment Requirements
- Tent Availability and Use
- Individual Camping Equipment Lecture
Equipment Checkout - May 4, 2001 12-2 PM
- Equipment Setup and Checkout - dry run
Application Procedures
All students who wish to be considered for this trip must complete an application and submit it to Dr. Robert Brulle prior to 5:00 P.M., March 30, 2001. Application forms are available online below. The application can be submitted by placing the application in Dr. Brulle's inbox in the School of Environmental Science, Engineering, and Policy Office Spaces, on the 6th Floor, Nesbitt Building. Late applications will NOT be accepted.
Based on the criteria listed above, the instructors will evaluate the applications and post a list of participants. In the event that there are more students wishing to participate than there are spaces, a priority waiting list will be made.
Students selected to participate in the trip will be required to sign a Release of Liability form, and to pay for the necessary additional expenses related to this trip.
Download a PDF version of the application.